Page 91 - Maryland Historical Trust - Archaeology Colonial MD

Chapter Two • ENDNOTES
1. The term, “saltwater,” referred to Charles’s birthplace being in Africa; “salt water, n. and adj.” OED Online (2018) Oxford University Press. Accessed April 11, 2018 at http://www.oed.com/ view/Entry/170223.
2. Maryland law at the time of the marriage meant that Eleanor and her children would also be enslaved; see An Act Concerning Negroes & other Slaves in the Archives of Maryland 1:533-534.
For more on the Butler marriage, see Rachel F. Moran (2004) Love with a Proper Stranger: What Anti-Miscegenation Laws Can Tell Us about the Meaning of Race, Sex, and Marriage, Hofstra
Law Review 32(4):1663-1679; Martha Hodes (1997) White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. pp. 19-38.
3. Skylar A. Bauer, Julia A. King, and Scott M. Strickland (2013) Archaeological Investigations
at Notley Hall, Near Chaptico, Maryland. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD. pp. 19-22.
4. Details about the Butlers’ wedding are known from depositions taken in the late 18th century when their descendants sued for their freedom. For more information see Butler Family Data. Accessed April 11, 2018 at http://www.freeafri- canamericans.com/Butler.htm.
5. Nicholas Hudson (2015) Literature and
Social Class in the Eighteenth Century.
Oxford Handbooks Online: Scholarly Research Reviews. Accessed April 3, 2018 at http:// www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199935338.001.0001/oxford- hb-9780199935338-e-007.
6. See Answer of the Lord Baltimore to the Queryes about Maryland in the Archives of Mary- land 5:264-269, esp. 266; For an archaeological analysis of 17th-century settlement, see Michael A. Smolek (1984) “Soyle Light, Well-Watered
and On the River:” Settlement Patterning of Maryland’s Frontier Plantations. The Third Hall
of Records Conference on Maryland History, St. Mary’s City, MD.
7. See Answer of the Lord Baltimore to the Queryes about Maryland in the Archives of Maryland 5:264-269, esp. 266; a five- or six-mile trip would have required “a two hour walk or an hour’s horseback ride and an additional half hour of rowing if St. Clement’s Bay had to be crossed.” Planters and county justices with greater resources were able to maintain contacts within a radius of about ten miles, and planter-merchants about fifteen miles (some having business as far as twenty-five miles afield). Travel was less of a hardship for these men. They had enough laborers who could, in their absence from the plantation, manage the agricultural demands of tobacco, and they also had horses, boats, and servants (and
slaves) to facilitate their travel. Lorena S. Walsh (1988) “Community Networks in Early Maryland.” In Colonial Chesapeake Society, Lois G. Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo - editors, Chapel Hill, NC. pp. 200-241, esp. 218-227.
8. Archaeologists’ focus on towns grew out of the many discoveries made in the 1980s of “lost towns;” see Al Luckenbach (this volume); see also Joseph B. Thomas (1995) Settlement, Community, and Economy: The Development of Towns on Maryland’s Lower Eastern Shore, 1660-1775. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Maryland. College Park; Dennis J. Pogue (1985) Calverton, Calvert County, Maryland, Maryland Historical Magazine 80(4):371-376; for a more recent discus- sion of Chesapeake towns (including St. Mary’s City and towns in 17th-century Maryland) see Paul Philip Musselwhite (2010) Towns in Mind: Urban Plans, Political Culture, and Empire in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1607–1722. Ph.D. Dissertation. The College of William and Mary. Williamsburg, VA.
9. Christopher Sperling and Laura J. Galke (2001)
Phase II Archaeological Investigations of 18ST233 and 18ST329 Aboard Webster Field Annex, Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, St. Mary’s County, Maryland. Report on file, Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum, St. Leonard.
10. Robert W. Keeler (1978) The Homelot on the Seventeenth-century Chesapeake Tidewater Frontier. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Oregon. Eugene; Garry Wheeler Stone (1982) Society, Housing and Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia; Julia A. King (1988) A Comparative Midden Analysis of a Household and Inn in St. Mary’s City, Maryland. Historical Archaeology 22(2):17-39.
11. Julia A. King, Irene C. Baumler, Christopher L. Coogan, and Scott M. Strickland (2016) In Search of Thomas Gerard: Archaeological Investigations at the Clifton Site, Near Bushwood, Maryland. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD.
12. Louis Berger Associates, Inc. (1989) The Compton Site, circa 1651-1685, Calvert County, Maryland, 18CV279. Louis Berger Associates, Inc. East Orange, NJ.
13. Julia A. King and Douglas Ubelaker - editors (1996) Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier. Maryland Historical Trust Press. Crownsville, MD.
14. Field notes on file. Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory. St. Leonard, MD.
15. Field notes on file. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD.
16. Henry M. Miller and Jay Custer (2018) Reveal- ing “My Lord’s Gift”: An Architectural Analysis of the ca. 1658-ca.1750 Henry Coursey Site (18QA30) in Queen Anne County, Maryland. Paper present- ed at the annual meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference. Virginia Beach, VA.
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plot” involving Indians intent on “mak[ing] haste and kill[ing] the Protestants before the shipps come in,” using Baltimore’s delay in claiming William and Mary king and queen as a pretext for taking armed action. As the rebels “gained the Doores and windows” of the state house, the “Catholic” loyalists, reluctant to fight, “did sur- render takeing with them their private armes and leaving the publick armes to the Protestants.”60
With the state house secured, the Associa- tors, whose force had grown to 700 or 800 troops, began an overland march ten miles north to Mat- tapany, Lord Baltimore’s dwelling plantation on the Patuxent. The plantation was the site of the colony’s arms magazine — the real prize in this effort to undo Calvert rule. Reaching Mattapany, the rebels encountered a small force at the “place where the Government then was” and laid siege to the plantation. Charles Calvert, now the Third Lord Baltimore, was in England, his person not directly threatened. Within hours, however, the loyalists at Mattapany had capitulated and the Associators’ principal leader, John Coode, was operating a provisional government from “His Majesty’s Garrison at Mattapany.”61
After securing Mattapany, a rebel contin- gent was then dispatched to Notley Hall, the res- idence of the son-in-law Colonel Digges, located on the Wicomico River some thirty miles west of St. Mary’s City. Having lost the state house to the rebels and unable to return to his home, Digges and his family fled to Virginia. The rebels put the Digges’ dwelling into service as a prison. A few months later, the Protestant Associators met at Charles Town — Fendall’s former planta- tion now named after Governor Charles Calvert. The purpose of the meeting was to assemble a process for “assessing the publick levy of this Province.” The geographical work the Calvert family had so carefully done was now undone.62
But as before, plantation building contin- ued in Maryland as settlers moved beyond the Wicomico, up into the Patuxent, and across the Eastern Shore. Annapolis eclipsed St. Mary’s City as the capital, and slavery (already on the rise in the 17th century) took off. What earlier researchers had called a “golden age” was in real- ity the groundwork not for an imagined commu- nity of yeoman farmers (as Jefferson might have designed) but a slave society as Cecil Calvert had envisioned.63