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Ceramics: The Potomac Typological System. Historical Archaeology 17 (1):18-43
14. A summation of animal bone data regarding colonial diet is Henry M. Miller (1988) An Archaeological Perspec- tive on the Evolution of Diet in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1620-1745. In Colonial Chesapeake Society, edited by Lois Green Carr, Philip Morgan and Jean Russo. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. pp. 176-199.
15. Thomas Grover (1676) An Account of Virginia. Oxford. Reprint 1904 B. H. Blackwell. Page 5.
16. Henry M. Miller (1986) Killed by Wolves: Analysis of Sheep Burials from the St. John’s Site and a Comment on Sheep Husbandry in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake. St. Mary’s City Research Series No. 1. Historic St. Mary’s City.
17. For findings about changes in stature and diet see Kenneth Sokoloff and Georgia Villaflor (1982) The Early Achievement of Modern Stature in America. Social Science History 6: 453-481; Robert W. Fogel et al. (1983) Secular Changes in American & British Stature and Nutrition. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14: 445-481.
18. Bretton W. Kent (1992) Making Dead Oyster’s Talk: Techniques for Analyzing Oysters from Archaeological Sites. Maryland Historical and Cultural Publications. Revised Edition. Annapolis.
19. See Michael X. Kirby and Henry M. Miller (2005) Response of a Benthic Suspension Feeder (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) to Three Centuries of Anthropogenic Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62: 679-689.
20. Lorena Walsh and Russell Menard (1974) Death in the Chesapeake: Two life Tables for men in Early Colonial Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine 69(2): 211-227; Lorena Walsh 1979 Till Death Us Do Part: Marriage and Family in Seventeenth-Century Maryland. In The Chesa- peake in the Seventeenth-Century. Edited by Thad Tate and David Ammerman. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. pp. 126-152.
21. Several references to the Chapel are found in the Ar- chives of Maryland. The Pennywell incident is in Archives of Maryland 57:610-611; Governor Nicholson’s reference is Archives of Maryland 23:81: the closure of the Chapel in 1704 is ordered at Archives of Maryland 26:44-45 and the Act to Prevent the Growth of Popery is at 26:340-341.
22. John Mesick, Henry Miller and James W. Price (2007) “Case Study: St. Mary’s Chapel, ca. 1660s, Historic St. Mary’s City, Maryland.” In The History of Gauged Brick- work, by Gerard Lynch. Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier. Oxford, pp. 111-124.
23. Timothy Riordan (2000) Dig A Grave Both Wide
and Deep: An Archaeological Investigation of Mortuary Practices in the 17th-Century Cemetery at St. Mary’s City, Maryland. St. Mary’s City Archaeological Series No. 3. Historic St. Mary’s City.
24. Ivor Noël Hume (1982) Martin’s Hundred. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
25. Henry Miller, Timothy Riordan and Silas Hurry (2004) The Lead Coffins of St. Mary’s City: An Exploration of Life and Death in Early Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine 99(3): 351-373.
26. David Reich, Kristin Stewardson, Iosif Lazaridis, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland and Douglas Owsley
(2016) Ancient DNA Analysis of St. Mary’s City Lead Coffin Burials. This report is available at http://www.hsmcdigs history.org/pdf/DNA_Analysis_Coffins_2016.pdf.
27. Gerald K. Kelso and Henry M. Miller (2016) Pollen Analysis of Three Seventeenth-Century Lead Coffins. The Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 6: 160-169.
28. The surviving City By-Laws are in the Archives of Maryland 17: 418-423; The 1674 Statehouse and Prison order and description is found in Archives of Maryland 21:404-407; Charles Calvert’s 1678 description to the Board of Trade can be found in the Archives of Maryland 5:265- 266.
29. Timothy Riordan (1988) The Interpretation of 17th-Century Sites through Plow Zone Surface Collections. Historical Archaeology 22(2): 2-16.
30. Henry M. Miller (2003) Lord Baltimore’s Colony of Maryland and the Capital of St. Mary’s City 1634-1695. Avalon Chronicles. The Colony of Avalon Foundation. Ferryland, Newfoundland, 8: 225-260.
31. Henry M. Miller (1994) The Country’s House Site: An Archaeological Study of a 17th-Century Vernacular Land- scape. In Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake, Edited by Barbara Little and Paul Shackel, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. pp. 65-84.
32. Timothy B. Riordan (2003) The Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War, 1645-1646. The Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore.
33. James W. Embrey (1999) A Search to Identify the Seventeenth-Century Shoreline of St. Mary’s City, Mary- land. Master’s Thesis. East Carolina University. Greenville.
34. Messuage is a legal term (derived from French) for a plot of land, a dwelling, and its associated outbuildings.
35 Crop marks are areas of differential growth observed in agricultural fields or pastures. Usually only visible through aerial photography, they can be a clue to the presence of sub-surface archaeological features.
36. Henry M. Miller (1999) Archaeology and Town Planning in British North America. In Old and New Worlds: Histori- cal/Post Medieval Archaeology Papers From the Societies’ Joint Conferences at Williamsburg and London 1997. Edited by Geoff Egan and R. L. Michael. Oxbow Books. Oxford, pp. 72-83.
37. The 1668 Charter can be found in the Archives of Maryland 51:383-390. It was revised in 1671 to add two delegates to the Assembly, Archives of Maryland 51:567- 70.
38. Jerome White’s departure is indicated in the Archives of Maryland 57: 499-501.
39. For information about Thomas White and the White family see, Beverley C. Southgate (1993) “Covetous of Truth” The Life and Work of Thomas White (1593 -1676). Kluwer Academic Publishers. London.
40. Timothy B. Riordan and Silas D. Hurry (2015) Archae- ological Excavations of the Print House Building, Slave Quarter Site (18ST1-14), St. Mary’s City, Maryland. This report is available at http://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/ research/publications/technical-reports/.
41. Julia King and Henry Miller (1987) A View from the Midden: An Analysis of Midden Distribution and Composi- tion at the van Sweringen site, St. Mary’s City, Maryland. Historical Archaeology 21(2):37-59.
Sidebar • ENDNOTES
1. CarlR.Lounsbury-editor(1994)AnIllustratedGlossa-
ry of Early Southern Architecture & Landscape. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 126.
2. CaryCarson,NormanF.Barka,WilliamM.Kelso, Garry Wheeler Stone, and Dell Upton (1981) Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winter- thur Portfolio 16(2/3): 135-196, p. 136.
3. Fordetaileddescriptionsofthesevariousbuilding techniques, see the following sources: Cary Carson, Norman F. Barka, William M. Kelso, Garry Wheeler Stone, and Dell Upton (1981) Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Portfolio 16(2/3): 135-196; Garry Wheeler Stone (1982) Society, Housing and Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of American Civili- zation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Jason D. Moser, Al Luckenbach, Sherri M. Marsh, and Donna Ware (2003) Impermanent Architecture in a Less Permanent Town: The Mid-Seventeenth-Century Architecture of Providence, Maryland. In Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, Vol. 9, Constructing Image, Identity, and Place. Vernacular Architecture Forum, Harrisonburg, VA.
4. GarryWheelerStone(1982)Society,Housingand Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, p. 282.
5. CaryCarson,NormanF.Barka,WilliamM.Kelso,Garry Wheeler Stone, and Dell Upton (1981) Impermanent Ar- chitecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Portfolio 16(2/3): 135-196, p. 148.
6 Garry Wheeler Stone (1982) Society, Housing and Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, p. 283.
7. GarryWheelerStone(1982)Society,Housingand Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, p. 283.
8. Jason D. Moser, Al Luckenbach, Sherri M. Marsh, and Donna Ware (2003) Impermanent Architecture in a Less Permanent Town: The Mid-Seventeenth-Century Architecture of Providence, Maryland. In Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, Vol. 9, Constructing Image, Identity, and Place. Vernacular Architecture Forum, Harrisonburg, VA, p. 201.
9. JasonD.Moser,AlLuckenbach,SherriM.Marsh, and Donna Ware (2003) Impermanent Architecture in a Less Permanent Town: The Mid-Seventeenth-Century Architecture of Providence, Maryland. In Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, Vol. 9, Constructing Image, Identity, and Place. Vernacular Architecture Forum, Harrisonburg, VA, p. 200-201.
10. Garry Wheeler Stone (1982) Society, Housing and Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, p. 286.
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