Page 62 - Maryland Historical Trust - Archaeology Colonial MD

Chapter One • ENDNOTES
1. ThebestsummaryoftheCalvert’sbackgroundand efforts to found colonies is John Krugler (2002) English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
2. AndrewWhite’saccountofthefoundingofMaryland is available in an English translation in Barbara La- watsch-Boomgarden (1995) Voyage to Maryland: Relatio Itineris in Marilandiam. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
3. Werowance(orWeeroance)istheAlgonquiantermfor “leader” or chieftain. The term is usually used to refer to a subordinate chieftain under the paramount chief of a large confederacy.
4. ThemostthoroughconsiderationinprintoftheIndian Peoples of Southern Maryland and their relationships with the English is found in Rebecca Seib and Helen Rountree (2015) Indians of Southern Maryland. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore.
5. TheclassicsummaryofSt.Mary’sCityfromthehistor- ical perspective is Lois Green Carr (1974) “The Metropolis of Maryland”: A Comment on Town Development Along the Tobacco Coast. Maryland Historical Magazine 69 (2): 123-145.
6. H.ChandleeForman(1938)JamestownandSt.Mary’s: Buried Cities of Romance. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore; John L. Cotter (1958) Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia. Archaeological Research Series Number 4. National Park Service. Washington, D.C.
7. Thisquotecomesfromanadvertisementinthe Maryland Gazette on 10 February 1774, when the land
of St. Mary’s City was being sold by William Hicks. The location is described as “...the ancient and Chief Seate of government,” and “...once the metropolis of Maryland and flourishing City of St. Mary’s.”
8. AbiographyofJohnLewgerandsummaryofhisactiv- ities at St. John’s can be found in Arthur Pierce Middleton and Henry M. Miller (2008) “Mr. Secretary”: John Lewgar, St. John’s Freehold and Early Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine 103(2): 132-165.
9. Anexcellentpopularsummaryofthemanydiscoveries at St. John’s is Sally Walker’s (2014) Ghost Walls: The Story of a 17th-Century Colonial Homestead. Carolrhoda Books, Minneapolis; The first publication about St. John’s is Garry Wheeler Stone (1974) St. John’s : Archaeological Questions and Answers. Maryland Historical Magazine 69(2): 146-168; The principal analysis of the St. John’s site architecture is found in Garry Wheeler Stone (1982) Society, Housing and Architecture in Early Maryland: John Lewger’s St. John’s. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia.
10. Garry Wheeler Stone (2004) “The Roof Leaked, But the Price Was Right: The Virginia House Reconsidered.” Maryland Historical Magazine 99(3): 313-329.
11. Robert Keeler (1978) The Homelot on the Seven- teenth-Century Chesapeake Tidewater Frontier. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Oregon. Eugene.
12. William Kelso and Edward Chappell (1974) Excavation of a Seventeenth-Century Pottery Kiln at Glebe Harbor, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Historical Archaeology 8:53-63
13. Mary Beaudry, Janet Long, Fraser Neiman and Garry Stone (1983) A Vessel Typology for Early Chesapeake
figure 47
St. Mary’s City today.
While county services continued for another decade, these were insufficient to maintain the community and most people followed the government to the new capital. St. Mary’s was largely abandoned and its mostly wooden buildings rapidly decayed without regular maintenance. By the mid-1700s, traces of the former capital had largely disappeared and only one building was still occu- pied, the 1676 State House used as an Anglican church. The former streets, gardens, yards and orchards vanished under the plow and for over two and a half centuries, St. Mary’s was forgotten, buried under an agricultural landscape mostly worked by enslaved African and African-American laborers. But under the pastures, corn, wheat, and tobacco fields were the remains of one of the earliest cities in America.This long agrarian use with limited development and the respect for its history and desire to preserve the remains by the land’s owners (the Brome and Howard families) kept much of Maryland’s “ancient and chief seate of government” intact as an archaeological site.
Archaeologists have been exploring Maryland’s first capital for nearly half a century and in the process changed our understanding of both the city and early colony. Its research program provides a powerful example of how archaeologists, historians and architects when working together can produce much richer and more comprehensive insights about the past than when working alone. At this point perhaps 10% of the overall townlands have been intensively investigated so most of the archaeological stories still remain hidden, awaiting discovery. This work proves that St. Mary’s City is a remarkably rich, multiple period archaeo- logical complex worthy of its National Historical Landmark status. And if the ancient townland can continue to be safe-guarded from the unrelenting pressure for non-historic development, St. Mary’s can offer new insights about and chal- lenge perspectives regarding the past to generations not yet born. It truly is an American treasure where good luck, a land-owning family that deeply respected the history and the impassioned efforts of a retired Marine general all com- bined to enable St. Mary’s City to endure as a place of history and archaeological discovery far into the future.
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