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 40. For more information on recent work, see Scott M. Strickland and Julia A. King (2018) Piscataway Indian Landscape of Southern Maryland. Draft - Multiple Property Documentation Form. National Park Service.
41. Lewis R. Binford (1967) Smudge Pits and Hide Smoking: The Use of Analogy in Archaeological Reasoning. American Antiquity 32(2):1-12.
42. Laurie C. Steponaitis (1980) A Survey of Artifact Collections from the Patuxent River Drainage, Mary- land. Maryland Historical Trust Monograph Series 1. Maryland Historical Trust and Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis.
43. Paul B. Cissna (1986) The Piscataway Indians
of Southern Maryland: An Ethnohistory from Pre- European Contact to the Present. Ph.D. Dissertation. American University. Washington, DC. p. 157.
44. Archives of Maryland 1:329-330. 45. Archives of Maryland 1:431.
46. Peter Himmelheber, Marcella Dawson, and Linda Davis Reno (2002) St. Mary’s County, Maryland: Proprietary Manors. Available online at http:// teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/dawsonm/SMC/ articles_files/manor_historySEP2.htm.
47. Paul B. Cissna (1986) The Piscataway Indians
of Southern Maryland: An Ethnohistory from Pre- European Contact to the Present. Ph.D. Dissertation. American University. Washington, DC. p. 157.
48. Archives of Maryland 15:99.
49. Archives of Maryland 8:536-537. 50. Archives of Maryland 15:251-252. 51. Archives of Maryland 17:6-7.
52. Archives of Maryland 8:53-54; Archives of Maryland 13:272; Archives of Maryland 19:522, respectively.
53. Archives of Maryland 8:53-54. 54. Archives of Maryland 19:522.
55. Archives of Maryland 27:29; Gabrielle Tayac (2009) Nannsonan Recalled: Choptico’s Documentary Disappearance, 1651-1712. Paper presented at
The Early Chesapeake: Reflections and Projections Conference sponsored by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture. Solomons, MD.
56. Archives of Maryland 23:226.
57. Site details are summarized from Julia A. King,
Suzanne Trussell, and Scott M. Strickland (2014)
An Archaeological Survey of Choptico Indian Town Chaptico, Maryland. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD.
58. Alex J. Flick, Skylar A. Bauer, Scott M. Strikland, D. Brad Hatch, and Julia A. King (2012) “...a place now known unto them:” The Search for Zekiah Fort. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD; Carly A. Harmon (2013) Analyzing Native American Lithic Material Culture from 1600 to 1700. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference. Ocean City, MD. pp. 110-112.
59. Julia A. King, Suzanne Trussell, and Scott M. Strickland (2014) An Archaeological Survey of Choptico Indian Town Chaptico, Maryland. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD. p. 23.
60. Patent Records, Book 6, folio 343. 180
61. Prince George’s County Land Records, Liber C, folio 98a.
62. Archives of Maryland 10:45.
63. Archives of Maryland 41:233.
64. Patent Records, Book AB&H, folio 437.
65. Archives of Maryland 3:489.
66. Patent Record, Book 7, folio 55-56.
67. Robert Emmett Curran (1988) American Jesuit Spirituality: The Maryland Tradition 1634-1900. Paulist Press. New York.
68. Mary F. Barse (1987) Maryland Geological Survey Reconnaissance of 18PR344, 18PR346,
and 18PR347. Manuscript on file at the Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD; Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Archeological Site Survey: Basic Data Report – 18PR346. The Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD.
69. Data from 18PR346 is summarized from Scott M. Strickland and Julia A. King (2016) The Village of Mattapanient: An Archaeological Survey of the Merkle Wildlife Sanctuary, Upper Marlboro, Maryland. St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
St. Mary’s City, MD.
70. Archives of Maryland 15:302-303. 71. Archives of Maryland 15:313.
72. Archives of Maryland 15:329-330. 73. Archives of Maryland 15:329.
74. Archives of Maryland 15:330.
75. Archives of Maryland 17:15.
76. Archives of Maryland 17:27-28.
77. Archives of Maryland 17:366; Lawrence H. Leder – editor (1956) The Livingston Indian Records, 1666-1723. The Pennsylvania Historical Association. Gettysburg, PA. p. 83.
78. Archives of Maryland 8:4.
79. Lois Green Carr and David W. Jordan (1974) Maryland’s Revolution of Government, 1689-1692. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY.
80. Archives of Maryland 23:226.
81. Archives of Maryland 19:522.
82. Archives of Maryland 19:557.
83. Elmer R. Reynolds (1883) “Memoir on the Pre-Columbian Shell Mounds at Newburg, Maryland and the Aboriginal Shell-fields of the Potomac and Wicomico Rivers.” In Compte-Rendu du Congrès International Des América-nistes. 5th Session. Copenhagen. pp. 310-311.
84. Data from Zekiah Fort is summarized from
Alex J. Flick, Skylar A. Bauer, Scott M. Strikland,
D. Brad Hatch, and Julia A. King (2012) “...a place now known unto them:” The Search for Zekiah Fort. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD
85. Dennis C. Curry (2008) Summary of 18FR72, Heater’s Island 1600-c.1712. Report on file at the Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD.
86. Maryland Routes 5 and 228 (Berry Road) are described in land records as being the path between Zekiah Fort and Piscataway.
87. Elmer R. Reynolds (1883) “Memoir on the Pre- Columbian Shell Mounds at Newburg, Maryland and the Aboriginal Shell-fields of the Potomac and Wicomico Rivers.” In Compte-Rendu du Congrès International Des América-nistes. 5th Session. Copenhagen. pp. 313-314.
88. O’Malley (2012) “Executive Orders 01.01.2012.01 and 01.01.2012.02 - Recognition of the Maryland Indian Status of the Piscataway Conoy Tribe and Piscataway Indian Nation.” In Code of Maryland Regulations. Annapolis.
Sidebar | ENDNOTES
1. Dennis C. 2017 “We have been with the Emperor of Piscataway, at his Fort”: Archeological Investigations of the Heater’s Island Site (18FR72). Manuscript on file at the Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD. p. 2.
2. John Smith (1624) The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. Library of Congress 1966 Reprint Edition. Readex Microprint Corporation. New York. p. 58.
3. John Smith and William Hole (1624) Virginia [Map]. London. Retrieved from the Library of Congress at https://www.loc.gov/item/99446115/.
4. Dennis C. 2017 “We have been with the Emperor of Piscataway, at his Fort”: Archeological Investigations of the Heater’s Island Site (18FR72). Manuscript on file at the Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD. pp. 2 & 38.
5. Susan M. Kingsbury (1906) The Records of the Virginia Company of London. Vol. III. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. p. 450.
6. Archives of Maryland 551:3-4.
7. Herrman, Augustine (1673) Virginia and Maryland as it is planted and inhabited this present year 1670 [Map]. London. Retrieved from the Library of Congress at https://www.loc.gov/ item/2002623131/.
8. Archives of Maryland 15:304.
9. Archives of Maryland 15:408-409.
10. Alex J. Flick, Skylar A. Bauer, Scott M. Strikland, D. Brad Hatch, and Julia A. King (2013) “...a place now known unto them:” The Search for Zekiah Fort. St. Mary’s College of Maryland. St. Mary’s City, MD.
11. Dennis C. 2017 “We have been with the Emperor of Piscataway, at his Fort”: Archeological Investigations of the Heater’s Island Site (18FR72). Manuscript on file at the Maryland Historical Trust. Crownsville, MD. pp. 2 & 38-39.
12. Archives of Maryland 19:520-521.
13. William P. Palmer – editor (1875) Calendar
of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts, 1652-1781, Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond. Reprinted 1968 by the Virginia State Library in Richmond. Kraus Reprint Corporation. New York. pp. 63-65.
14. Dennis C. 2017 “We have been with the Emperor of Piscataway, at his Fort”: Archeological Investigations of the Heater’s Island Site (18FR72).































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